Tuesday, January 13, 2009
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11 comments:
Immunological Analysis Techniques
"Immunological analysis techniques." World of Microbiology and Immunology
These are techniques that allow immunologists to induce and characterize iummunities. From there, they can alter these with genetic, cellular and molecular methods. Most methods of testing is to put the antigen the immunity affects in the target organism and see what happens. Some organisms produce different antibodies than those of humans, rendering them immune to the antigen. Studying these immunities could cure many diseases.
Sources:
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=antibodies&c=28&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644650241&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=antibodies&c=30&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2433500286&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
By: DJ Miloutinova
Title: Human Genome Project
Author: Cobb, Bryan
Date: January 16th, 2009
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Human+genome%2522&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644031139&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
This article is about the human genome project. It was said that the United States Human Genome Project (HGP) was formally launched in 1990 by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Around the time the HGP was formally introduced, it was an issue of debate whether it would be more important to know the complete sequence of the genome, or whether known sequences should be better understood and their functions determined before further sequences were determined. The scientific approach to indentifying and defining the function of genes and to determine how genes interact is a field of genetics called functional genomics. In the end, functional genomics became secondary to sequencing the human genome. After the publication of the human genome sequence in 2001, the genomic research entered what has been termed the post-genomic era.
Other sources:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml
By: DJ Miloutinova
Title: Cancer
Author: Kimberley A. McGrath
Date: January 16th, 2009
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Cancer%2522&c=5&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2431500094&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
This article is about cancer and its causes. Cancer refers to a group of diseases whose hallmark is the loss of the regulation of division of cells within the body. The cancerous cells multiply uncontrollably, causing other normal cells to be crowded out and destroyed. If this growth takes place in a vital organ, malfunctions and death can occur. The cause of cancers are diverse and the cure rates associated with different types of cancer. Scientists have long believed that cancer is linked to changes in the genetic material of the cell. It has been noted that the chromosomes of cancerous cells show abnormalities that include deletions or translocations of certain genes.
Other sources:
http://www.cancer.gov/
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cancer/overview.html
Title: Skin Cancer
Author: Ed. Brigham Narins
Date of Article: 2007
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=Skin+cancer&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2191501187&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
This article discuses the cancer of the skin. Skin cancer is a type of skin tumor which cells create dark patches of melanin on the skin from the build up of cancerous melanocytes. It is the most popular cancer found in the United States, as of 2006. The disease itself starts on the very first layer of skin on the body, called the epidermis, but it also has the ability to sink deeper into the other layers of skin.
The most serious type of skin cancer is known as malignant melanoma. It isn’t very common, but it is a very intense type of skin cancer. The first signs of melanoma skin cancer are moles that begin to appear on the skin. The location of the melanoma moles on the body are partially dependant on culture.
The most common type of skin cancer is basal skin cancer, which is primarily a disease of adults around the ages or 30 to 70. The basal cancer spreads very slowly, but can cause disfigurement if it isn’t treated.
Skin cancer occurs when a person has a lot of skin damage from the sun (such as having a lot of sunburns on the past). Tanning beds are also putting the user in higher risk of developing skin cancer if they use the tanning beds too much (Ultraviolet waves a.k.a. UV rays). Skin cancer can also be passed to person through genetics.
When a cell in the skin develops a change, it causes the cell to continuously grow out of control, which will develop into a mole, which can be cancerous. Over exposure to things like radiation, arsenic, and polycyclic hydrocarbons can cause skin cancer as well.
Treatment for skin cancer is to cut out the dead area/mole which is on the skin. This procedure can be done by using a scalpel and removing the cancerous mole and a little bit of the normal skin surrounding it.
Ways of avoiding skin cancer is to stay away from UV tanning beds, wearing sun screen with 15 SPF or higher, and protecting your skin when outdoors.
Ashley
Oceans and seas
Table of Contents Source Citation
Oceans are large bodies of saltwater connected together, unevenly covering 70% of the Earth and containing about 97% of Earth's water supply as salt water. The five major oceans, in descending order of size by area, are: the Pacific Ocean (64 million square miles, about 165 million square kilometers), Atlantic Ocean (33 million square miles, about 85 million square kilometers), Indian Ocean (28 million square miles, about 70 million square kilometers), Southern Ocean (almost 8 million square miles, about 20 million square kilometers), and Arctic Ocean (5,000,000 square miles, almost 13 million square kilometers).
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, covering about one-third of the Earth's surface, which is a bigger area than all of the continents combined. The Pacific Ocean is not only the home of the highest mountain on Earth (Mauna Kea, 33,476 feet, or 10,203 meters), but it also has the deepest trench (Mariana trench, 36,198 feet, or 11,033 meters deep). The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest, covering 20% of Earth's surface. It is also the youngest among the five oceans, and it is the ocean where the most shipping occurs. The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean, which provides an important trade route between Africa and Asia and is home to the most expressed monsoon system. The next in size is the Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, and was officially named in the year 2000 by the International Hydrographic Organization. Finally, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean of all five, but it contains the widest continental shelf.
Seas are the smaller bodies of salt water connecting the oceans, which can be partially or entirely enclosed by land. Examples of seas adjacent to the oceans include the South China Sea (the largest sea), Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, Gulf of California, Sea of Japan, and Persian Gulf. Examples of inland seas (or lakes) are the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea.
Earth's oceans and seas are unique in that there is no other planet in the solar system that has liquid water on its surface. Life on Earth began in the oceans, and today they still are the home to some of the most spectacular wildlife in the world. Most of the oceans' wildlife is located in the upper ocean layers, which contain about 2% of the oceans' volume.
The oceans also play a significant role in the Earth's water cycle. Oceans are a large source of water vapor for the atmosphere, which is important in heat transportation in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. Additionally, the oceans gather water at the end of the water cycle not only from precipitation, but also from surface runoff and return flow from rivers and as groundwater flows from land.
In addition, the oceans are major reservoirs in the carbon cycle. In order to double the current atmospheric carbon dioxide, it would be necessary to release only 2% of the carbon currently stored in the oceans.
Oceans produce important and widespread effects on Earth's atmosphere, weather, and climate. Oceans and land exhibit different heating and cooling properties; solar energy penetrates deeper into water than into land, and water can circulate that absorbed heat easily into deeper layers. Since the specific heat of water (the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius) is higher than that of land, it takes about five times more energy to warm up water by one degree Celsius than to equally heat a rock. Consequently, oceans not only warm more slowly than land, but also cool more slowly. Oceans, therefore, act as a giant heat reservoir, which heats the land during winter and cools it during summer, moderating the climate of the land located next to it.
Oceans not only moderate the climate of adjacent areas by absorbing and storing solar energy, they also distribute heat between lower and higher latitudes by a global, interconnected system of ocean currents. An example of the climatic effects of oceans on lands is the Gulf Stream; part of the heat redistributing process by carrying warm waters towards higher latitudes, the Gulf Stream also brings mild air to the British Isles and Northwest Europe, causing a significantly milder climate than it would normally have according to its latitudes.
Interesting examples of the interaction between the oceans and the atmosphere are the El Niño and La Niña patterns. Along with the Southern Oscillation, El Niño and La Niña influence not only nearby areas in the Pacific Ocean but the entire global climate system, along with the ecologies and economies of many countries worldwide, from New Zealand to the United States.
In the twenty-first century, the effects of global warming are being felt in the world's oceans and seas. Sea levels are rising due to melting of glaciers, as well as thermal expansion. Warmer sea surface temperatures are affecting the oceanic conveyor belt largely responsible for maintaining the global climate. Scientists with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography reported in 2006 that paleoclimate data reveal that past periods of global warming have caused large-scale changes in ocean circulation. Analyzing conditions during the PETM, the investigators found the first evidence for a monumental reversal in global circulation patterns in the deep ocean. Analysis of the chemicals in 55-million-year-old seashells showed that rapid warming of the global climate induced the changes in ocean circulation; the altered deep ocean circulation did not revert to its normal pattern for about 20,000 years after the abrupt warming spike.
Source Citation: "Oceans and seas." World of Earth Science. Online. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science Resource Center. Gale. January 20, 2009 (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2641950325)
Document Number: CV2641950325
Oceans and seas
Oceans are large bodies of saltwater connected together, unevenly covering 70% of the Earth and containing about 97% of Earth's water supply as salt water. The five major oceans, in descending order of size by area, are: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
Earth's oceans and seas are unique in that there is no other planet in the solar system that has liquid water on its surface. Life on Earth began in the oceans, and today they still are the home to some of the most spectacular wildlife in the world.
Oceans not only moderate the climate of adjacent areas by absorbing and storing solar energy, they also distribute heat between lower and higher latitudes by a global, interconnected system of ocean currents. An example of the climatic effects of oceans on lands is the Gulf Stream; part of the heat redistributing process by carrying warm waters towards higher latitudes, the Gulf Stream also brings mild air to the British Isles and Northwest Europe, causing a significantly milder climate than it would normally have according to its latitudes.
Title: Sports Physiology
Author: Detroit: Gale
Date: 2007
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Sports+sciences%2522&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2430500387&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
While the athletic activities may demand different responses from the body, the underlying physiology is similar. Sports physiology is concerned with the response of muscles. Other functions of the body change to support the demand for increased muscular activity. For example, the heart will beat faster in order to supply more blood to the muscles. Also, areas of the body such as the stomach will shut down during exercise, so as not to divert blood from where it is needed most. Indeed, one of the beneficial aspects of exercise--especially when weight loss is a goal--is the diminished appetite that results from a workout.
Other Sourcees: http://www.humankinetics.com/products/showproduct.cfm?isbn=9780736051729
http://sirc.ca/online_resources/sportquest_sportscience.cfm?strSCAT=Physiology
Title: Alternate Light Source Analysis
Author: Brian Hoyle
The article is discussing the use of alternate light sources in forensic cases. Alternate light sources are essentially regular lights, but they use filters that allow only selected wavelengths of light to be delivered while the rest are blocked out. The filters are engineered to allow various wavelengths to be let through, from ultraviolet rays to almost infrared wavelengths. Alternate light sources can be used to examine weapons, bodily fluids, and documents to discover evidence under the fluorescent light that could not otherwise be seen.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Light%2522&c=7&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644040074&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
Links:
http://www.labino.com/appl-sec.html
http://www.lightdiagnostics.com/page/page/1884146.htm
Title: Plants
Author: Peter Ensminger
Date: January 24, 2009
Source: Ensminger, Peter A. "Plant." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Online. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Science Resource Center. Gale. 24 January 2009
A plant is an organism that is classified in the kingdom, Plantae. Plants are made up of cells, which are semi-autonomous units that consist of protoplasts. These cells are then surrounded by a special layer of lipids and proteins which is more commonly known as the plasma membrane. Plants also have many specific characteristics including; they are multicellular during part of their life, they have chloroplasts with chlorophyll, they have life cycles, and they develop organs which become specialized for photosynthesis, reproduction or mineral uptake. Biologists have identified about 500,000 different species of plants, and there are still many undiscovered species yet to uncover in the tropics. The high population of plants is good because plants provide humans with food and other non-photosynthetic organisms.
Other Sources:
http://plants.usda.gov/
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/plantae.html
Title: Plate Tectonics
Date: January 25, 2009
Author: Judson Knight
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Plate+tectonics%2522&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2643604027&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
The theory of Plate Tectonics started in the 1960’s. The theory of plate tectonics explores the fact that the plates underneath the earth are constantly moving. There are estimated to be about 20 plates under the earth and are in motion right now. These plates are 50 to 250 miles thick and move horizontally and vertically. This movement is why we get earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and continental drift. The plates move an estimated 1 to 10 cm every year. This may not sound like much, but believe it or not, long ago all of the continents were literally connected together. This is referred to as the “super continent” or “Pangaea”. Eventually, the plates moved and the continents kept moving farther and farther away from each other. When these huge plates push into each other, they form a mountain, the weak points form volcanoes and earthquakes occur on fault lines.
Additional Sources:
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Earth/tectonics.html
Submitted by: Kyla
Title: Genetic Disorders
Author: Ben Nasr, Abdel Hakim
Date: January 19, 2009
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Genetic+disorders%2522&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2642500162&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
Even though there are lots of disorders, a disorder doesn’t have to be inherited to have a genetic basis. Some disorders can occour from mutations in somatic cells cuased by exposure to mutatious factors in the environment. Some disorders lie on the X or Y chromosomes, an example of a X-linked dominant disorders is hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta. A Y-linked disorder is created from the transmission of father to son. Genetic disorders aren’t necessarily dependant on the alterations to the nuclear DNA; some disorders are caused by the alterations of the mitochondrial DNA. Genetic testing is used to assess the risk of a genetic disorder and the possible risk of a reoccurrence of a genetic disorder. When an individual has two copies of abnormal recessive genes will the gene with the disease pass on, this inheritance is called homozygous recessive. Some diseases such as Huntington's disease will most likely be passed on to the next generation. Abnormalities in the chromosomes normally occur when there is a missing chromosome or an additional one. Abnormalities in chromosomes can be lethal at times, causing spontaneous miscarriages, and even the death of a child. If there is an extra copy of the chromosome 21, it is likely that the child will have down syndrome so it is important to keep healthy and check your genes to prevent any diseases that are possibly passed on to the next generation.
Other sources:
http://www.noah-health.org/en/genetic/
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/assist.shtml
Title: DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that stores genetic information in living systems. Like other organic molecules, DNA mostly consists of carbon, along with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The fundamental structural unit of DNA is the nucleotide, which has two parts: an unvarying portion composed of sugar and phosphate, attached to one of four nitrogen-containing bases named adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine. When DNA replicates, the weak hydrogen bonds of base pairs are broken and the two strands separate. Each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Since the resulting new doublestranded molecule always contains one "old" (template) strand and one newly made strand, DNA replication is said to be semiconservative; it would be termed conservative if the two original template strands rejoined
By: Katie
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