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19 comments:
Encephalitis
By : Brigham Narins
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?sgsl=bi&locID=winn39111&bi=SU&sgos=%2522Diseases%2522&sgcmd=REL&bt=%2522Arbovirus+Diseases%2522&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2191500428&sgit=18&st=b&tc=31&sgsditem=17_3_1&tf=0
This article discusses the disease Encephalitis. It is an inflammation of the brain that is caused by many different types of infections. It happens when the body reacts to an invasion of a different an infection. This case the tissues in the brain to swell creating headaches and sometimes severe syndromes. It can be cause by the chicken pox , measles, mumps, polio, and many other infections. Mosquitoes help to spread those types of viruses and make this disease worse. In the more severe cause of the disease it can be up to 80% chance of death. But if treated survival is good.
By: Lauren
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/encephalitis/article_em.htm
Title: Meningococcal Meningitis
Date: January 15, 2009
Source: http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/354/main.html
Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection in the bloodstream and the meninges which is the thin lining protecting/covering the brain and spinal cord. The bacteria is spread when there is a close direct contact with the nose or the throat discharge of a person infected. Many people with this sickness may not even know or feel the symptoms while others will get and feel the symptoms. If the bacteria goes into the blood, it can lead to arthritis, heart infections and pneumonia, while the bacteria flows, it can also damage nerves that connect to the brain causing hearing loss, learning disabilities, motor impairment or mental retardation. Common symptoms of Meningococcal meningitis include fevers, chills, headaches, vomiting, stiff neck, rash and confusion. The serious symptoms can include Coma, seizures, and inability to completely extend the legs, stiffness in knees and hips and shock. These symptoms come into affect around two to ten days after you are exposed to the illness, but it normally affects you within five days after you are affected. To protect yourself from the sickness, contact a doctor right away when you believe that you are affected. Bacterial meningitis is a serious medical emergency, for every hour that you delay getting antibacterial therapy can increase the risk of problems and permanent damage in the nerves as well as the brain, medicine such as penicillin G or ceftriaxone should be started right away. The medicine or vein antibiotics may be continued for seven to ten days. To prevent the illness, members of the family, friends at school and home with exposure should receive an antibiotic as soon as possible, preferably within the twenty-four hours of the diagnosis. To keep off, Meningococcal Meningitis, doctors have a vaccine named meningococcal polysaccharide to prevent the groups of bacteria that create meningococcal meningitis; however the vaccine doesn’t cover all the groups of bacteria.
Other Sources:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/index.html
http://www.chatham-kent.ca/community+services/Public+Health/Travel+Clinic/Meningococcal+Meningitis.htm
Alternate Light Source Analysis
Hoyle, Brian. "Alternate light source analysis." Gale Encyclopedia of Science
Conventional light sources, like a light bulb, sometimes cannot reveal everything about an object. Other types of light are being used in forensic sciences to find evidence that we can't see under normal light. Lasers are being used to find fingerprints. Some oils that come off human fingers fluoresce yellow certain light is shone on them. In this case, a laser. This is being used on metal weapons where conventional figerprinting methods cannot be used.
Sources:
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Light%2522&c=7&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644040074&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
Title: Color Blindness
Author: L. Fleming Fallon Jr, MD, DrPH
Date of Article: 2006
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=Blindness&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2642412697&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
Color blindness is a rare condition of somebody who is unable to see different colors of the spectrum.
In the back of the eye on the inside, there is something called a retina, which helps us to see colors by using the cones inside of it. There are 3 types of cones, which are known as red, blue, and green. These 3 cones help us see many colors of the spectrum. Color blindness occurs when there is an abnormality or a disfunction within the cones. The most common color blindess is red/green; though color blindness itself is quite rare. Blue color blindess (not being able to distinguish blue and yellow) often is found with people physical disorders, liver disease, or diabetes mellitus. There is also the total unability to distinguish colors, which is known as achromatopsia; so the people who have it veiw the world in shades of grey.
The majority of people affected by color blindness are males, while the females are carriers, but aren't usually affected by the condition. Color blindness is a gene related condition, and its occurance varies on cultures.
There is no cure and there is also no treatment for color blindness, so the condition is permenant is diagnosed. There is also no way to prevent color blindness.
"Genetics." World of Genetics. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Online. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Science Resource Center. Gale. 16 January 2009
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2433500236
Genetics
Genetics is the branch of biology dealing with heredity and attempts to explain the similarities and differences that exist between parents and their children. The German monk Gregor Mendel worked out the basic principles of inheritance, which he said in his laws of heredity. Mendel's work stimulated the first experiments in what is now known as classical genetics. The term genetics was actually first used, in the early 1900s by the English scientist William Bateson. Genetics quickly came to occupy a central position in biology because it was established early on that basically the same principles apply to all plants and animals. As biochemical techniques developed and improved, the study of genetics became more detailed and intricate. During the 1950s, cytology developed and with it the microscopic study of the chromosomes and other cellular structures that play a part in heredity. There was a discovery in the 1940s that genetic material consisted of nucleic acid and in the 1950s the determination of the double helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Recognition of the double helix was not only important for genetics but was probably one of the most profound biological advances since Darwin's theory of evolution. Today, "modern genetics" can be defined as the science that deals with the nature and behavior of genes that are now known to be the basic hereditary units.
Drew Richards.
Additional sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Genetics%2522&c=7&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644030980&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
Animals
Kimberley A. McGrath
Animals are one of the 5 kingdoms of organism, the others would be like plants, protists, monera and fungi. A animal are eukaryotic organisms. The study of animals is called zoology.
The first animals founded were multicellular life forms the started in the Precambrian times. We know little about the soft-body creatures. We don’t even know when the first evolved, they did not preserve fossils. Zoologists are still classifying animals into various groups.
Zoologists have given names to about one million species of animals. These names tell us both the genus and the species of an organism. But there is still a large amount of animal species are yet to be found.
Sites:
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/partners_in_pollination/index.html
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2431500039
Steven Robillard
Title: Motion
Motion is movement from one point to another. Motion involves acceleration, velocity, time and displacement. Motion and everything that it involves can be classified with the term kinematics. Galileo was the first to define motion this way, and he came up with algebraic expressions that made it possible to find out how to calculate it. To find out how far away something is you must put some description into the answer because some place may be 5 km away but that doesn’t mean someone will find it. Circular motion is motion that is parallel to the direction of the motion, and to change the motion you need to accelerate in a perpendicular motion. That formula can be used for curvilinear motion as well.
By: Taylor
Source Citation: "Motion." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Online. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Science Resource Center. Gale. 16 January 2009 http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2644031485
Links:
http://www.mywire.com/a/GaleEncyclopediaOfScience/Newtons-Laws-of-Motion/1136118?&pbl=27
http://www.mywire.com/a/GaleEncyclopediaOfScience/Laws-of-Motion/1135869
Population
Table of Contents Source Citation
A population is a geographically distinct group of individuals of the same species that is occurs together in the same location at the same time, and can potentially interbreed with each other. Populations are a subset of species, which includes all individuals that can potentially reproduce to form viable offspring. Populations are an important concept in evolutionary biology and in ecology.
Populations change in size over time in response to environmental factors The rate of change of a population's size depends on four variables: birth rate (BR), immigration rate (IR), death rate (DR), and emigration rate (ER). The change in population size (P) during a unit of time (for example, one year) is described by the equation: P = BR - DR + IR - ER. Population ecologists have developed mathematical models of population dynamics that describe the influences of such factors as the intrinsic rate of population increase, the carrying capacity of habitats, the effects of predators and disease, and the effects of unpredictable events of disturbance.
Isolated (or closed) populations do not increase in size through immigration or decrease in size as a result of emigration. Under such conditions, P is calculated as BR - DR, which is sometimes known as the natural rate of population change. For example, a population of 1000 individuals that increases by 100 in one year has a 10% per year growth rate. If growth rate in any population is constant, the population size will grow exponentially.
In a theoretical circumstance a fertile pair of individuals discovers a new habitat, which is suitable for use but has not been previously utilized by their species. Under such conditions the population can increase over time. Initially, resources are abundant and do not constrain population growth, so the growth rate of the population increases exponentially. This maximum rate of population growth, which is limited only by the reproduction rate of the species in the given environment and not by competition for resources, is referred to as the intrinsic rate of population growth.
Eventually, however, and space and resources become limiting. The population approaches its carrying capacity. The carrying capacity is the size of the population that can be sustained in a given environment. Once this happens, growth and reproduction become constrained by the availability of resources, and individuals in the population compete with each other. Competition results in physiological stress, which generally results in decreases in birth rates and increases in death rates. The rate of population growth may then decrease to zero. In other words, the birth rate equals the death rate, which is referred to as zero population growth or ZPG. If ZPG is maintained, the population size eventually stabilizes, theoretically at a size equal to that of the carrying capacity of the habitat. However, if the earlier population growth results in an abundance exceeding what the habitat can support, the over-population causes environmental degradation by over-exploitation, resulting in a decrease in carrying capacity. The population then decreases because of a rapid increase in the rate of mortality, or perhaps by emigration in search of new habitats. These factors can result in a rapid and uncontrolled "crash" in the size of the population, usually to a level below the carrying capacity. This could result in the opportunity for new population growth. In small habitats, however, the population crash could be massive enough to render a local population extinct.
Source Citation: "Population." World of Biology. Ed. Kimberley A. McGrath. Online. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. Science Resource Center. Gale. 15 January 2009 (http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2431500505)
Document Number: CV2431500505
Population
A population is a geographically distinct group of individuals of the same species that is occurs together in the same location at the same time, and can potentially interbreed with each other. Populations are an important concept in evolutionary biology and in ecology.
Populations change in size over time in response to environmental factors The rate of change of a population's size depends on four variables: birth rate (BR), immigration rate (IR), death rate (DR), and emigration rate (ER).
Isolated (or closed) populations do not increase in size through immigration or decrease in size as a result of emigration.
The population approaches its carrying capacity. The carrying capacity is the size of the population that can be sustained in a given environment.
Earth Science
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Earth+sciences%2522&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2643604035&st=b&tc=63&tf=16
Earth Sciences include astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the earth sciences, but the last of these sciences is quite unlike the other three. Earth sciences can be divided into three broad areas: the geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric sciences. Usually earth science is focused on the physical science of it all. But there is a broad spectrum of different branches in the field of earth science
Title: Geology
Author: K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner
Date: 2008
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Geology%2522&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644030994&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
Fossils are used in historical geology as evidence of the evolution of life on Earth. Plate tectonics provide information about the changing configuration of the continents and oceans over geologic time. For many years paleontologists observed that the older the rock layer, the more primitive the fossil organisms found therein, and from those observations developed evolutionary theory. Fossils not only relate evolution, but also provide evidence of the environment in which the organism lived. Coral in limestone at the top of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, for example, show that a shallow sea flooded the area around 290 million years ago. In addition, by determining the ages and types of rocks around the world, geologists piece together continental and oceanic history. For example, by matching fossil and tectonic evidence, geologists reconstructed the history and shape of the 200-300 million year-old supercontinent, Pangea (Pangaea).
Other Sources: http://www.smu.ca/academic/science/geology/
http://geology.gsapubs.org/
"Heat and heat changes." World of Chemistry. Ed. Robyn V. Young. Online. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. Science Resource Center. Gale. 16 January 2009
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2432500346
Heat and Heat Change
Heat is the energy exchanged when a difference in temperature exists between two regions. Changes in temperatures are produced by the adding or subtracting of heat from a substance. Usually the more heat that is added to a particular object, the more the temperature of that object rises. When heat is added to or removed from a physical system, the accompanying thermal changes may include a change in length and volume, and changes in physical states such as melting and evaporation. During the eighteenth century, heat was believed to be a liquid called the caloric, which filled the space between the particles of matter. Once people recognized that friction produced heat and that heat can be dissipated when mechanical work is performed, heat was viewed as another form of energy. The heat of vaporization is the heat absorbed at constant pressure per mole when a liquid vaporizes. The heat of sublimation is the heat absorbed at constant pressure per mole when the solid vaporizes.
Drew Richards.
Additional sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Heat%2522&c=5&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644031084&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
Formation of the Milky Way
Source: Earth Sciences For Students. Online. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. USA, 2008
Our galaxy, known as the milky way was not always the way it is today. Once the Milky Way was a huge ball of gas that spun. This ball was mostly made of of hydrogen, helium and some other heavier elements. One day the force of it's gravity was too strong, that it made it collapse. Many of it's pieces condensed to make stars and spherical groupings of stars called globular clustars. They gathered into a large sphere called the Halo and now burns in the middle of our galaxy. Each of these globular clusters can contain up to 100,000 stars or more. These clusters are probably some of the oldest objects in the galaxy, ranging from 13 to 18 billion years old. When the Milky Way was being formed, it was spinning, continued to collapse and began to flatten. It eventually formed a thin disc of dust, stars and gas around the Halo. This disc is around 50,000 parsecs in diameter and looks like several arms swirling in a spirl pattern around the Halo. he stars that are located in the disc are much younger than the stars in which the Halo contains. These stars are only around 7 to 11 billin years old. Even though, that it is a significant amount less than the stars in the Halo, they are still extremely elderly and has lasted for billions of years.
Title: Bush Establishes 3 New Marine Monuments
Author: Dina Cappiello
Date: January 6, 2009
Source: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/090106-AP-marine-monuments.html
George W. Bush has designated the largest marine conservation effort in history, an area totaling approximately 195, 274 square miles. The areas includes the Mariana Trench, the surrounding waters of the Northern Mariana Islands, Rose Atoll, and several islands along the central Pacific Ocean equator. These areas are home to important and rare organisms that are significant to the entire marine environment, such as predators and corals. Other creatures living within the area include giant land crabs, sharks, and rare birds (see photos http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/photogalleries/mariana-trench-rose-atoll/index.html). The areas also have the highest fish biomass in the Pacific and a great amount of rare geological formations within its underwater volcanoes such as sulfur pools. Under the status of nation monument, law will now forbid commercial fish, oil and gas extractions, and other activities in efforts to protect one of the few relatively preserved marine habitats left. With a federal permit, recreational fishing, tourism, and scientific research will be allowed.
Additional Links:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/08/080826-marine-monument.html?source=rss
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/10/coral-reef-death.html
Sabrina Moche
title:Pollution
Author: K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner
Source:http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Pollution%2522&c=3&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2644031765&st=b&tc=63&tf=32
Year Published:2008
Pollution is essentially anything that destroys something and makes it of less value or desire. Different people look at in a different perspective. Most people think of it as human actions hurting the environment, such as smoking and driving. Others consider disasters that are not human controlled, like a forest fire, also a form of pollution. And some even consider social issues (noise from a freeway), or the invasion of modern society to a culture a contributor to pollution. All of these issues are a form of pollution but are debated between the public itself. To what some people call pollution can be of benefit to others. There are many different types of pollution to the environment such as, air pollution (toxic gases melting the o-zone layer), water pollution (dirty water causes erosion to crops and such), and point/non-point sources (sewage outfalls and burning dump). While the world is starting to take action it is still struggling to renew the earth’s surface and o-zone layer and is just getting by. More and more organizations to stop pollution and global warming are starting to take action all around the world including in developing countries that are struggling to keep alive every day.
other sources:http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/pollution/index.html
Title: Technology in Athletics
Author: Michael J. O’Neal
The article is discussing the different uses of technology in the athletics field. Something it looks closely at is measuring ball speed; using specially developed cameras that took high-speed digital recordings of the ball as it travelled. Regular cameras’ shutters were too slow to watch the change of speed and rotation of the ball throughout its path properly, so scientists developed photo techniques that could capture the movement of a ball travelling up to 140 km/hour. They increased the shutter speed, which enabled them to get clear pictures of the ball as it moves through the air. This allowed them to accurately measure its speed and rotations throughout its path of travel.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Sports+sciences%2522&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2642950022&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
Links:
http://www.sti-sports.com/sti/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/science_of_sport/
Title: the Hydrologic Cycle /Water Cycle
Date: Friday January 23, 2009
Author: Ed Kimberly
Source: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Water+cycle%2522&c=2&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV2431500330&st=b&tc=31&tf=0
The Hydrologic Cycle (also called the Water Cycle) is the movement of water between the air, land, and bodies of water. The first step in the water cycle is EVAPORATION. Evaporation is the changing of state from liquid to gas. This occurs because the sun is heating water bodies and water evaporates in the air as a gaseous water vapor. The next step of the cycle is CONDENSATION. Condensation happens when the water being evaporated eventually gets so high in the sky that it cools. When water cools, it turns back into water droplets again, which forms clouds. The next step of the water cycle is PRECIPITATION. Precipitation occurs when the clouds become too full of water droplets. This causes the water droplets to fall either as rain, snow, sleet, and hail. Most of the precipitation falls in the ocean (oceans cover 71% of the earth!). After the precipitation step, the water will soon evaporate once again, and the cycle will continue.
Additional Sources:
http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/WEATHER/watercycle.html
http://kids.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Water_Cycle_for_Kids
Submitted by: Kyla
Title: Pollution
Author: Unknown
Date: January 24th, 2009
Source: "Pollution." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Online. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Science Resource Center. Gale. 24 January 2009
Pollution can be described as unwanted changes in a natural system. The term pollution is derived from the Latin word pollutus, which means to be made foul, dirty or unclean. Pollution to many people usually is associated with toxic substances in a large quantity but it can also be caused by excess quantities of heat. Anything that either corrupts, degrades or makes something less valuable then it was to begin with can be considered a form of pollution.
The two main types of pollution are air and water.
Air pollution is a high threat to the human population. There are seven types of air pollution in total but the air contaminants can be divided into two broad categories: primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are those that are released directly into the air which can include dust, smoke and toxic chemicals such as lead, mercury and carbon monoxide. Secondary pollutants are ones that are created or modified into a different form after they are released into the air.
Water pollution is not as threatening to the human life but can include sediment, toxins, plant nutrients and thermal changes. Sediment and trash are the largest factors of water pollution.
Over the past few years the United States and more of the developed countries including North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand have been making a great effort to reduce the air and water pollution, and this has been quite successful.
Other Sources:
http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/pollution/index.html
http://www.pollutionprobe.org/
Title: Pluto
For 75 years after it discovery, Pluto was considered the ninth planet in the solar system. However, Pluto had some notable differences: it is quite small compared to the other planets, smaller even than Jupiter's Galilean moons; it has a highly eccentric orbit (for part of its travels, it is closer to the Sun than Neptune); and it is located in a region of space called the Kuiper belt, which is thought to give rise to short period comets. Pluto's pecularities--especially its strange orbit--eventually led the International Astronomers Union (IAU) to designate Pluto a "dwarf planet" in 2006, thereby stripping it of its planetary status. The discovery of Pluto is closely related to the discovery of Neptune, even though many years passed between the two events.
By: Katie
Title: Pluto
Author: Kimberley A. McGrath and Bridget Travers
Date of article: 2008
Source of article: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?locID=winn39111&bi=SU&bt=%2522Pluto+%28Planet%29%2522&c=1&t=1&ste=21&docNum=CV1648500472&st=b&tc=63&tf=0
On account of Pluto’s peculiarities Pluto is now known as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomers Union. Some of its differences from other plants are; it is unusually smaller, even smaller then some of Jupiter’s moons and it has an irregular orbit. It was a French astronomer, Camille Flammarion (1842-1925) who noted that there was a planet at a distance of 45 AU. After many years and many instruments used Clyde Tombaugh found Pluto on February. 18th 1930.
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